Implement live read replication

This commit adds an http server and client for streaming snapshots
and WAL pages from an upstream Litestream primary to a read-only
replica.

cmd/litestream/main.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/abs"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/gcs"
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/http"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/s3"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/sftp"
 	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
@@ -267,6 +268,7 @@ func ReadConfigFile(filename string, expandEnv bool) (_ Config, err error) {
 // DBConfig represents the configuration for a single database.
 type DBConfig struct {
 	Path                 string         `yaml:"path"`
+	Upstream             UpstreamConfig `yaml:"upstream"`
 	MonitorDelayInterval *time.Duration `yaml:"monitor-delay-interval"`
 	CheckpointInterval   *time.Duration `yaml:"checkpoint-interval"`
 	MinCheckpointPageN   *int           `yaml:"min-checkpoint-page-count"`
@@ -289,6 +291,14 @@ func NewDBFromConfigWithPath(dbc *DBConfig, path string) (*litestream.DB, error)
 	// Initialize database with given path.
 	db := litestream.NewDB(path)
 
+	// Attach upstream HTTP client if specified.
+	if upstreamURL := dbc.Upstream.URL; upstreamURL != "" {
+		if dbc.Upstream.Path == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("upstream path required")
+		}
+		db.StreamClient = http.NewClient(upstreamURL, dbc.Upstream.Path)
+	}
+
 	// Override default database settings if specified in configuration.
 	if dbc.MonitorDelayInterval != nil {
 		db.MonitorDelayInterval = *dbc.MonitorDelayInterval
@@ -315,6 +325,11 @@ func NewDBFromConfigWithPath(dbc *DBConfig, path string) (*litestream.DB, error)
 	return db, nil
 }
 
+type UpstreamConfig struct {
+	URL  string `yaml:"url"`
+	Path string `yaml:"path"`
+}
+
 // ReplicaConfig represents the configuration for a single replica in a database.
 type ReplicaConfig struct {
 	Type                   string         `yaml:"type"` // "file", "s3"

cmd/litestream/replicate.go

@@ -6,19 +6,16 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
-	_ "net/http/pprof"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/abs"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/gcs"
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/http"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/s3"
 	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/sftp"
 	"github.com/mattn/go-shellwords"
-	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
 )
 
 // ReplicateCommand represents a command that continuously replicates SQLite databases.
@@ -35,7 +32,8 @@ type ReplicateCommand struct {
 
 	Config Config
 
-	server *litestream.Server
+	server     *litestream.Server
+	httpServer *http.Server
 }
 
 // NewReplicateCommand returns a new instance of ReplicateCommand.
@@ -143,22 +141,12 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Serve metrics over HTTP if enabled.
+	// Serve HTTP if enabled.
 	if c.Config.Addr != "" {
-		hostport := c.Config.Addr
+		c.httpServer = http.NewServer(c.server, c.Config.Addr)
-		if host, port, _ := net.SplitHostPort(c.Config.Addr); port == "" {
+		if err := c.httpServer.Open(); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("must specify port for bind address: %q", c.Config.Addr)
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot start http server: %w", err)
-		} else if host == "" {
-			hostport = net.JoinHostPort("localhost", port)
 		}
-
-		log.Printf("serving metrics on http://%s/metrics", hostport)
-		go func() {
-			http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler())
-			if err := http.ListenAndServe(c.Config.Addr, nil); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("cannot start metrics server: %s", err)
-			}
-		}()
 	}
 
 	// Parse exec commands args & start subprocess.
@@ -183,10 +171,17 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Close closes all open databases.
+// Close closes the HTTP server & all open databases.
 func (c *ReplicateCommand) Close() (err error) {
-	if e := c.server.Close(); e != nil && err == nil {
+	if c.httpServer != nil {
-		err = e
+		if e := c.httpServer.Close(); e != nil && err == nil {
+			err = e
+		}
+	}
+	if c.server != nil {
+		if e := c.server.Close(); e != nil && err == nil {
+			err = e
+		}
 	}
 	return err
 }

db.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
 // Default DB settings.
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ type DB struct {
 
 	ctx    context.Context
 	cancel func()
-	wg     sync.WaitGroup
+	g      errgroup.Group
 
 	// Metrics
 	dbSizeGauge                 prometheus.Gauge
@@ -83,6 +84,11 @@ type DB struct {
 	checkpointErrorNCounterVec  *prometheus.CounterVec
 	checkpointSecondsCounterVec *prometheus.CounterVec
 
+	// Client used to receive live, upstream changes. If specified, then
+	// DB should be used as read-only as local changes will conflict with
+	// upstream changes.
+	StreamClient StreamClient
+
 	// Minimum threshold of WAL size, in pages, before a passive checkpoint.
 	// A passive checkpoint will attempt a checkpoint but fail if there are
 	// active transactions occurring at the same time.
@@ -161,6 +167,11 @@ func (db *DB) WALPath() string {
 	return db.path + "-wal"
 }
 
+// SHMPath returns the path to the database's shared memory file.
+func (db *DB) SHMPath() string {
+	return db.path + "-shm"
+}
+
 // MetaPath returns the path to the database metadata.
 func (db *DB) MetaPath() string {
 	dir, file := filepath.Split(db.path)
@@ -179,6 +190,12 @@ func (db *DB) GenerationPath(generation string) string {
 	return filepath.Join(db.MetaPath(), "generations", generation)
 }
 
+// PositionPath returns the path of the file that stores the current position.
+// This file is only used to communicate state to external processes.
+func (db *DB) PositionPath() string {
+	return filepath.Join(db.MetaPath(), "position")
+}
+
 // ShadowWALDir returns the path of the shadow wal directory.
 // Panics if generation is blank.
 func (db *DB) ShadowWALDir(generation string) string {
@@ -399,9 +416,10 @@ func (db *DB) Open() (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot remove tmp files: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Start monitoring SQLite database in a separate goroutine.
+	// If an upstream client is specified, then we should simply stream changes
-	db.wg.Add(1)
+	// into the database. If it is not specified, then we should monitor the
-	go func() { defer db.wg.Done(); db.monitor() }()
+	// database for local changes and replicate them out.
+	db.g.Go(func() error { return db.monitor(db.ctx) })
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -410,7 +428,9 @@ func (db *DB) Open() (err error) {
 // and closes the database.
 func (db *DB) Close() (err error) {
 	db.cancel()
-	db.wg.Wait()
+	if e := db.g.Wait(); e != nil && err == nil {
+		err = e
+	}
 
 	// Start a new context for shutdown since we canceled the DB context.
 	ctx := context.Background()
@@ -484,8 +504,8 @@ func (db *DB) UpdatedAt() (time.Time, error) {
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-// init initializes the connection to the database.
+// init initializes the connection to the database. Skipped if already
-// Skipped if already initialized or if the database file does not exist.
+// initialized or if the database file does not exist.
 func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 	// Exit if already initialized.
 	if db.db != nil {
@@ -493,17 +513,15 @@ func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 	}
 
 	// Exit if no database file exists.
-	fi, err := os.Stat(db.path)
+	if _, err := os.Stat(db.path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
-	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return nil
 	} else if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	db.fileMode = fi.Mode()
-	db.uid, db.gid = internal.Fileinfo(fi)
 
 	// Obtain permissions for parent directory.
-	if fi, err = os.Stat(filepath.Dir(db.path)); err != nil {
+	fi, err := os.Stat(filepath.Dir(db.path))
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	db.dirMode = fi.Mode()
@@ -517,22 +535,6 @@ func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Open long-running database file descriptor. Required for non-OFD locks.
-	if db.f, err = os.Open(db.path); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("open db file descriptor: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Ensure database is closed if init fails.
-	// Initialization can retry on next sync.
-	defer func() {
-		if err != nil {
-			_ = db.releaseReadLock()
-			db.db.Close()
-			db.f.Close()
-			db.db, db.f = nil, nil
-		}
-	}()
-
 	// Enable WAL and ensure it is set. New mode should be returned on success:
 	// https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_journal_mode
 	var mode string
@@ -559,6 +561,30 @@ func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create _litestream_lock table: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Open long-running database file descriptor. Required for non-OFD locks.
+	if db.f, err = os.Open(db.path); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open db file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure database is closed if init fails.
+	// Initialization can retry on next sync.
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = db.releaseReadLock()
+			db.db.Close()
+			db.f.Close()
+			db.db, db.f = nil, nil
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Obtain file info once we know the database exists.
+	fi, err = os.Stat(db.path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("init file stat: %w", err)
+	}
+	db.fileMode = fi.Mode()
+	db.uid, db.gid = internal.Fileinfo(fi)
+
 	// Start a long-running read transaction to prevent other transactions
 	// from checkpointing.
 	if err := db.acquireReadLock(); err != nil {
@@ -603,6 +629,76 @@ func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// initReplica initializes a new database file as a replica of an upstream database.
+func (db *DB) initReplica(pageSize int) (err error) {
+	// Exit if already initialized.
+	if db.db != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Obtain permissions for parent directory.
+	fi, err := os.Stat(filepath.Dir(db.path))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	db.dirMode = fi.Mode()
+
+	dsn := db.path
+	dsn += fmt.Sprintf("?_busy_timeout=%d", BusyTimeout.Milliseconds())
+
+	// Connect to SQLite database. Use the driver registered with a hook to
+	// prevent WAL files from being removed.
+	if db.db, err = sql.Open("litestream-sqlite3", dsn); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Initialize database file if it doesn't exist. It doesn't matter what we
+	// store in it as it will be erased by the replication. We just need to
+	// ensure a WAL file is created and there is at least a page in the database.
+	if _, err := os.Stat(db.path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		if _, err := db.db.ExecContext(db.ctx, fmt.Sprintf(`PRAGMA page_size = %d`, pageSize)); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("set page size: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		var mode string
+		if err := db.db.QueryRow(`PRAGMA journal_mode = wal`).Scan(&mode); err != nil {
+			return err
+		} else if mode != "wal" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("enable wal failed, mode=%q", mode)
+		}
+
+		// TODO: Set page size.
+
+		if _, err := db.db.ExecContext(db.ctx, `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS _litestream (id INTEGER)`); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create _litestream table: %w", err)
+		} else if _, err := db.db.ExecContext(db.ctx, `PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)`); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("create _litestream table: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Obtain file info once we know the database exists.
+	fi, err = os.Stat(db.path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("init file stat: %w", err)
+	}
+	db.fileMode = fi.Mode()
+	db.uid, db.gid = internal.Fileinfo(fi)
+
+	// Verify page size matches.
+	if err := db.db.QueryRowContext(db.ctx, `PRAGMA page_size;`).Scan(&db.pageSize); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read page size: %w", err)
+	} else if db.pageSize != pageSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("page size mismatch: %d <> %d", db.pageSize, pageSize)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure meta directory structure exists.
+	if err := internal.MkdirAll(db.MetaPath(), db.dirMode, db.uid, db.gid); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (db *DB) clearGeneration(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if err := os.Remove(db.GenerationNamePath()); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 		return err
@@ -1278,6 +1374,11 @@ func (db *DB) writeWALSegment(ctx context.Context, pos Pos, rd io.Reader) error
 		return err
 	}
 
+	// Write position to file so other processes can read it.
+	if err := db.writePositionFile(pos); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write position file: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// Generate
 	info := WALSegmentInfo{
 		Generation: pos.Generation,
@@ -1308,6 +1409,11 @@ func (db *DB) writeWALSegment(ctx context.Context, pos Pos, rd io.Reader) error
 	return nil
 }
 
+// writePositionFile writes pos as the current position.
+func (db *DB) writePositionFile(pos Pos) error {
+	return internal.WriteFile(db.PositionPath(), []byte(pos.String()+"\n"), db.fileMode, db.uid, db.gid)
+}
+
 // WALSegments returns an iterator over all available WAL files for a generation.
 func (db *DB) WALSegments(ctx context.Context, generation string) (*FileWALSegmentIterator, error) {
 	db.mu.Lock()
@@ -1499,20 +1605,26 @@ func (db *DB) execCheckpoint(mode string) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// monitor runs in a separate goroutine and monitors the database & WAL.
+func (db *DB) monitor(ctx context.Context) error {
-func (db *DB) monitor() {
+	if db.StreamClient != nil {
-	var timer *time.Timer
+		return db.monitorUpstream(ctx)
+	}
+	return db.monitorLocal(ctx)
+}
 
+// monitor runs in a separate goroutine and monitors the local database & WAL.
+func (db *DB) monitorLocal(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var timer *time.Timer
 	if db.MonitorDelayInterval > 0 {
-		timer := time.NewTimer(db.MonitorDelayInterval)
+		timer = time.NewTimer(db.MonitorDelayInterval)
 		defer timer.Stop()
 	}
 
 	for {
 		// Wait for a file change notification from the file system.
 		select {
-		case <-db.ctx.Done():
+		case <-ctx.Done():
-			return
+			return nil
 		case <-db.notifyCh:
 		}
 
@@ -1528,12 +1640,193 @@ func (db *DB) monitor() {
 		default:
 		}
 
-		if err := db.Sync(db.ctx); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		if err := db.Sync(ctx); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 			db.Logger.Printf("sync error: %s", err)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+// monitorUpstream runs in a separate goroutine and streams data into the local DB.
+func (db *DB) monitorUpstream(ctx context.Context) error {
+	for {
+		if err := db.stream(ctx); err != nil {
+			if ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			db.Logger.Printf("stream error, retrying: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		// Delay before retrying stream.
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// stream initializes the local database and continuously streams new upstream data.
+func (db *DB) stream(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Continuously stream and apply records from client.
+	sr, err := db.StreamClient.Stream(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("stream connect: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer sr.Close()
+
+	// TODO: Determine page size of upstream database before creating local.
+	const pageSize = 4096
+
+	// Initialize the database and create it if it doesn't exist.
+	if err := db.initReplica(pageSize); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("init replica: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for {
+		hdr, err := sr.Next()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		switch hdr.Type {
+		case StreamRecordTypeSnapshot:
+			if err := db.streamSnapshot(ctx, hdr, sr); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("snapshot: %w", err)
+			}
+		case StreamRecordTypeWALSegment:
+			if err := db.streamWALSegment(ctx, hdr, sr); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("wal segment: %w", err)
+			}
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid stream record type: 0x%02x", hdr.Type)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// streamSnapshot reads the snapshot into the WAL and applies it to the main database.
+func (db *DB) streamSnapshot(ctx context.Context, hdr *StreamRecordHeader, r io.Reader) error {
+	// Truncate WAL file.
+	if _, err := db.db.ExecContext(ctx, `PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)`); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("truncate: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Determine total page count.
+	pageN := int(hdr.Size / int64(db.pageSize))
+
+	ww := NewWALWriter(db.WALPath(), db.fileMode, db.pageSize)
+	if err := ww.Open(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open wal writer: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = ww.Close() }()
+
+	if err := ww.WriteHeader(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write wal header: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over pages
+	buf := make([]byte, db.pageSize)
+	for pgno := uint32(1); ; pgno++ {
+		// Read snapshot page into a buffer.
+		if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf); err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read snapshot page %d: %w", pgno, err)
+		}
+
+		// Issue a commit flag when the last page is reached.
+		var commit uint32
+		if pgno == uint32(pageN) {
+			commit = uint32(pageN)
+		}
+
+		// Write page into WAL frame.
+		if err := ww.WriteFrame(pgno, commit, buf); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("write wal frame: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close WAL file writer.
+	if err := ww.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("close wal writer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Invalidate WAL index.
+	if err := invalidateSHMFile(db.path); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalidate shm file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write position to file so other processes can read it.
+	if err := db.writePositionFile(hdr.Pos()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write position file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	db.Logger.Printf("snapshot applied")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// streamWALSegment rewrites a WAL segment into the local WAL and applies it to the main database.
+func (db *DB) streamWALSegment(ctx context.Context, hdr *StreamRecordHeader, r io.Reader) error {
+	// Decompress incoming segment
+	zr := lz4.NewReader(r)
+
+	// Drop WAL header if starting from offset zero.
+	if hdr.Offset == 0 {
+		if _, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, zr, WALHeaderSize); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read wal header: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	ww := NewWALWriter(db.WALPath(), db.fileMode, db.pageSize)
+	if err := ww.Open(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open wal writer: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = ww.Close() }()
+
+	if err := ww.WriteHeader(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write wal header: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over incoming WAL pages.
+	buf := make([]byte, WALFrameHeaderSize+db.pageSize)
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		// Read snapshot page into a buffer.
+		if _, err := io.ReadFull(zr, buf); err == io.EOF {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("read wal frame %d: %w", i, err)
+		}
+
+		// Read page number & commit field.
+		pgno := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[0:])
+		commit := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[4:])
+
+		// Write page into WAL frame.
+		if err := ww.WriteFrame(pgno, commit, buf[WALFrameHeaderSize:]); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("write wal frame: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Close WAL file writer.
+	if err := ww.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("close wal writer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Invalidate WAL index.
+	if err := invalidateSHMFile(db.path); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalidate shm file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Write position to file so other processes can read it.
+	if err := db.writePositionFile(hdr.Pos()); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write position file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	db.Logger.Printf("wal segment applied: %s", hdr.Pos().String())
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // ApplyWAL performs a truncating checkpoint on the given database.
 func ApplyWAL(ctx context.Context, dbPath, walPath string) error {
 	// Copy WAL file from it's staging path to the correct "-wal" location.
@@ -1681,6 +1974,51 @@ func logPrefixPath(path string) string {
 	return path
 }
 
+// invalidateSHMFile clears the iVersion field of the -shm file in order that
+// the next transaction will rebuild it.
+func invalidateSHMFile(dbPath string) error {
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", dbPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("reopen db: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = db.Close() }()
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec(`PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(PASSIVE)`); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("passive checkpoint: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(dbPath+"-shm", os.O_RDWR, 0666)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open shm index: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	buf := make([]byte, WALIndexHeaderSize)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(f, buf); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("read shm index: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Invalidate "isInit" fields.
+	buf[12], buf[60] = 0, 0
+
+	// Rewrite header.
+	if _, err := f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("seek shm index: %w", err)
+	} else if _, err := f.Write(buf); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("overwrite shm index: %w", err)
+	} else if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("close shm index: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Truncate WAL file again.
+	var row [3]int
+	if err := db.QueryRow(`PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)`).Scan(&row[0], &row[1], &row[2]); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("truncate: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // A marker error to indicate that a restart checkpoint could not verify
 // continuity between WAL indices and a new generation should be started.
 var errRestartGeneration = errors.New("restart generation")

db_bsd.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//go:build !linux
+
+package litestream
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// WithFile executes fn with a file handle for the main database file.
+// On Linux, this is a unique file handle for each call. On non-Linux
+// systems, the file handle is shared because of lock semantics.
+func (db *DB) WithFile(fn func(f *os.File) error) error {
+	db.mu.Lock()
+	defer db.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if _, err := db.f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return fn(db.f)
+}

db_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package litestream
+
+import "os"
+
+// WithFile executes fn with a file handle for the main database file.
+// On Linux, this is a unique file handle for each call. On non-Linux
+// systems, the file handle is shared because of lock semantics.
+func (db *DB) WithFile(fn func(f *os.File) error) error {
+	f, err := os.Open(db.path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	return fn(f)
+}

http/http.go

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+package http
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	httppprof "net/http/pprof"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+// Server represents an HTTP API server for Litestream.
+type Server struct {
+	ln     net.Listener
+	closed bool
+
+	httpServer  *http.Server
+	promHandler http.Handler
+
+	addr   string
+	server *litestream.Server
+
+	g errgroup.Group
+
+	Logger *log.Logger
+}
+
+func NewServer(server *litestream.Server, addr string) *Server {
+	s := &Server{
+		addr:   addr,
+		server: server,
+		Logger: log.New(os.Stderr, "http: ", litestream.LogFlags),
+	}
+
+	s.promHandler = promhttp.Handler()
+	s.httpServer = &http.Server{
+		Handler: http.HandlerFunc(s.serveHTTP),
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func (s *Server) Open() (err error) {
+	if s.ln, err = net.Listen("tcp", s.addr); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.g.Go(func() error {
+		if err := s.httpServer.Serve(s.ln); err != nil && !s.closed {
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Server) Close() (err error) {
+	s.closed = true
+
+	if s.ln != nil {
+		if e := s.ln.Close(); e != nil && err == nil {
+			err = e
+		}
+	}
+
+	if e := s.g.Wait(); e != nil && err == nil {
+		err = e
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// Port returns the port the listener is running on.
+func (s *Server) Port() int {
+	if s.ln == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return s.ln.Addr().(*net.TCPAddr).Port
+}
+
+// URL returns the full base URL for the running server.
+func (s *Server) URL() string {
+	host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(s.addr)
+	if host == "" {
+		host = "localhost"
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("http://%s", net.JoinHostPort(host, fmt.Sprint(s.Port())))
+}
+
+func (s *Server) serveHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/debug/pprof") {
+		switch r.URL.Path {
+		case "/debug/pprof/cmdline":
+			httppprof.Cmdline(w, r)
+		case "/debug/pprof/profile":
+			httppprof.Profile(w, r)
+		case "/debug/pprof/symbol":
+			httppprof.Symbol(w, r)
+		case "/debug/pprof/trace":
+			httppprof.Trace(w, r)
+		default:
+			httppprof.Index(w, r)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	switch r.URL.Path {
+	case "/metrics":
+		s.promHandler.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+
+	case "/stream":
+		switch r.Method {
+		case http.MethodGet:
+			s.handleGetStream(w, r)
+		default:
+			http.Error(w, "Method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+		}
+	default:
+		http.NotFound(w, r)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Server) handleGetStream(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	q := r.URL.Query()
+
+	// TODO: Listen for all databases matching query criteria.
+	path := q.Get("path")
+	if path == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "Database name required", http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+	db := s.server.DB(path)
+	if db == nil {
+		http.Error(w, "Database not found", http.StatusNotFound)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// TODO: Restart stream from a previous position, if specified.
+
+	// Determine starting position.
+	pos := db.Pos()
+	if pos.Generation == "" {
+		http.Error(w, "No generation available", http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
+		return
+	}
+	pos.Offset = 0
+
+	s.Logger.Printf("stream connected @ %s", pos)
+	defer s.Logger.Printf("stream disconnected")
+
+	// Obtain iterator before snapshot so we don't miss any WAL segments.
+	itr, err := db.WALSegments(r.Context(), pos.Generation)
+	if err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("Cannot obtain WAL iterator: %s", err), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+	defer itr.Close()
+
+	// Write snapshot to response body.
+	if err := db.WithFile(func(f *os.File) error {
+		fi, err := f.Stat()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Write snapshot header with current position & size.
+		hdr := litestream.StreamRecordHeader{
+			Type:       litestream.StreamRecordTypeSnapshot,
+			Generation: pos.Generation,
+			Index:      pos.Index,
+			Size:       fi.Size(),
+		}
+		if buf, err := hdr.MarshalBinary(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("marshal snapshot stream record header: %w", err)
+		} else if _, err := w.Write(buf); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("write snapshot stream record header: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := io.CopyN(w, f, fi.Size()); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("copy snapshot: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Flush after snapshot has been written.
+	w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+
+	for {
+		// Wait for notification of new entries.
+		select {
+		case <-r.Context().Done():
+			return
+		case <-itr.NotifyCh():
+		}
+
+		for itr.Next() {
+			info := itr.WALSegment()
+
+			// Skip any segments before our initial position.
+			if cmp, err := litestream.ComparePos(info.Pos(), pos); err != nil {
+				s.Logger.Printf("pos compare: %s", err)
+				return
+			} else if cmp == -1 {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			hdr := litestream.StreamRecordHeader{
+				Type:       litestream.StreamRecordTypeWALSegment,
+				Flags:      0,
+				Generation: info.Generation,
+				Index:      info.Index,
+				Offset:     info.Offset,
+				Size:       info.Size,
+			}
+
+			// Write record header.
+			data, err := hdr.MarshalBinary()
+			if err != nil {
+				s.Logger.Printf("marshal WAL segment stream record header: %s", err)
+				return
+			} else if _, err := w.Write(data); err != nil {
+				s.Logger.Printf("write WAL segment stream record header: %s", err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Copy WAL segment data to writer.
+			if err := func() error {
+				rd, err := db.WALSegmentReader(r.Context(), info.Pos())
+				if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("cannot fetch wal segment reader: %w", err)
+				}
+				defer rd.Close()
+
+				if _, err := io.CopyN(w, rd, hdr.Size); err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("cannot copy wal segment: %w", err)
+				}
+				return nil
+			}(); err != nil {
+				log.Print(err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Flush after WAL segment has been written.
+			w.(http.Flusher).Flush()
+		}
+		if itr.Err() != nil {
+			s.Logger.Printf("wal iterator error: %s", err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type Client struct {
+	// Upstream endpoint
+	URL string
+
+	// Path of database on upstream server.
+	Path string
+
+	// Underlying HTTP client
+	HTTPClient *http.Client
+}
+
+func NewClient(rawurl, path string) *Client {
+	return &Client{
+		URL:        rawurl,
+		Path:       path,
+		HTTPClient: http.DefaultClient,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) Stream(ctx context.Context) (litestream.StreamReader, error) {
+	u, err := url.Parse(c.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid client URL: %w", err)
+	} else if u.Scheme != "http" && u.Scheme != "https" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid URL scheme")
+	} else if u.Host == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("URL host required")
+	}
+
+	// Strip off everything but the scheme & host.
+	*u = url.URL{
+		Scheme: u.Scheme,
+		Host:   u.Host,
+		Path:   "/stream",
+		RawQuery: (url.Values{
+			"path": []string{c.Path},
+		}).Encode(),
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", u.String(), nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	req = req.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	resp, err := c.HTTPClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid response: code=%d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+
+	return &StreamReader{
+		body: resp.Body,
+		file: io.LimitedReader{R: resp.Body},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type StreamReader struct {
+	body io.ReadCloser
+	file io.LimitedReader
+	err  error
+}
+
+func (r *StreamReader) Close() error {
+	if e := r.body.Close(); e != nil && r.err == nil {
+		r.err = e
+	}
+	return r.err
+}
+
+func (r *StreamReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if r.err != nil {
+		return 0, r.err
+	} else if r.file.R == nil {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	return r.file.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (r *StreamReader) Next() (*litestream.StreamRecordHeader, error) {
+	if r.err != nil {
+		return nil, r.err
+	}
+
+	// If bytes remain on the current file, discard.
+	if r.file.N > 0 {
+		if _, r.err = io.Copy(io.Discard, &r.file); r.err != nil {
+			return nil, r.err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read record header.
+	buf := make([]byte, litestream.StreamRecordHeaderSize)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(r.body, buf); err != nil {
+		r.err = fmt.Errorf("http.StreamReader.Next(): %w", err)
+		return nil, r.err
+	}
+
+	var hdr litestream.StreamRecordHeader
+	if r.err = hdr.UnmarshalBinary(buf); r.err != nil {
+		return nil, r.err
+	}
+
+	// Update remaining bytes on file reader.
+	r.file.N = hdr.Size
+
+	return &hdr, nil
+}

integration/cmd_test.go

@@ -391,6 +391,69 @@ LOOP:
 	restoreAndVerify(t, ctx, env, filepath.Join(testDir, "litestream.yml"), filepath.Join(tempDir, "db"))
 }
 
+// Ensure a database can be replicated over HTTP.
+func TestCmd_Replicate_HTTP(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	testDir, tempDir := filepath.Join("testdata", "replicate", "http"), t.TempDir()
+	if err := os.Mkdir(filepath.Join(tempDir, "0"), 0777); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if err := os.Mkdir(filepath.Join(tempDir, "1"), 0777); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	env0 := []string{"LITESTREAM_TEMPDIR=" + tempDir}
+	env1 := []string{"LITESTREAM_TEMPDIR=" + tempDir, "LITESTREAM_UPSTREAM_URL=http://localhost:10001"}
+
+	cmd0, stdout0, _ := commandContext(ctx, env0, "replicate", "-config", filepath.Join(testDir, "litestream.0.yml"))
+	if err := cmd0.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cmd1, stdout1, _ := commandContext(ctx, env1, "replicate", "-config", filepath.Join(testDir, "litestream.1.yml"))
+	if err := cmd1.Start(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	db0, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filepath.Join(tempDir, "0", "db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if _, err := db0.ExecContext(ctx, `PRAGMA journal_mode = wal`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if _, err := db0.ExecContext(ctx, `CREATE TABLE t (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db0.Close()
+
+	// Execute writes periodically.
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		t.Logf("[exec] INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES (%d)", i)
+		if _, err := db0.ExecContext(ctx, `INSERT INTO t (id) VALUES (?)`, i); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for replica to catch up.
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+
+	// Verify count in replica table.
+	db1, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filepath.Join(tempDir, "1", "db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db1.Close()
+
+	var n int
+	if err := db1.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t`).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if got, want := n, 100; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("replica count=%d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// Stop & wait for Litestream command.
+	killLitestreamCmd(t, cmd1, stdout1) // kill
+	killLitestreamCmd(t, cmd0, stdout0)
+}
+
 // commandContext returns a "litestream" command with stdout/stderr buffers.
 func commandContext(ctx context.Context, env []string, arg ...string) (cmd *exec.Cmd, stdout, stderr *internal.LockingBuffer) {
 	cmd = exec.CommandContext(ctx, "litestream", arg...)
@@ -428,6 +491,7 @@ func waitForLogMessage(tb testing.TB, b *internal.LockingBuffer, msg string) {
 
 // killLitestreamCmd interrupts the process and waits for a clean shutdown.
 func killLitestreamCmd(tb testing.TB, cmd *exec.Cmd, stdout *internal.LockingBuffer) {
+	tb.Helper()
 	if err := cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt); err != nil {
 		tb.Fatal("kill litestream: signal:", err)
 	} else if err := cmd.Wait(); err != nil {

integration/testdata/replicate/http/litestream.0.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+addr: :10001
+
+dbs:
+  - path: $LITESTREAM_TEMPDIR/0/db
+    max-checkpoint-page-count: 20

integration/testdata/replicate/http/litestream.1.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+dbs:
+  - path: $LITESTREAM_TEMPDIR/1/db
+    upstream:
+      url: "$LITESTREAM_UPSTREAM_URL"
+      path: "$LITESTREAM_TEMPDIR/0/db"

internal/internal.go

@@ -113,6 +113,21 @@ func CreateFile(filename string, mode os.FileMode, uid, gid int) (*os.File, erro
 	return f, nil
 }
 
+// WriteFile writes data to a named file and sets the mode & uid/gid.
+func WriteFile(name string, data []byte, perm os.FileMode, uid, gid int) error {
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, perm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_ = f.Chown(uid, gid)
+
+	_, err = f.Write(data)
+	if err1 := f.Close(); err1 != nil && err == nil {
+		err = err1
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
 // MkdirAll is a copy of os.MkdirAll() except that it attempts to set the
 // mode/uid/gid to match fi for each created directory.
 func MkdirAll(path string, mode os.FileMode, uid, gid int) error {

litestream.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package litestream
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
@@ -357,6 +358,9 @@ const (
 
 	// WALFrameHeaderSize is the size of the WAL frame header, in bytes.
 	WALFrameHeaderSize = 24
+
+	// WALIndexHeaderSize is the size of the SHM index header, in bytes.
+	WALIndexHeaderSize = 136
 )
 
 // calcWALSize returns the size of the WAL, in bytes, for a given number of pages.
@@ -462,6 +466,73 @@ func ParseOffset(s string) (int64, error) {
 	return int64(v), nil
 }
 
+const (
+	StreamRecordTypeSnapshot   = 1
+	StreamRecordTypeWALSegment = 2
+)
+
+const StreamRecordHeaderSize = 0 +
+	4 + 4 + // type, flags
+	8 + 8 + 8 + 8 // generation, index, offset, size
+
+type StreamRecordHeader struct {
+	Type       int
+	Flags      int
+	Generation string
+	Index      int
+	Offset     int64
+	Size       int64
+}
+
+func (hdr *StreamRecordHeader) Pos() Pos {
+	return Pos{
+		Generation: hdr.Generation,
+		Index:      hdr.Index,
+		Offset:     hdr.Offset,
+	}
+}
+
+func (hdr *StreamRecordHeader) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
+	generation, err := strconv.ParseUint(hdr.Generation, 16, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid generation: %q", generation)
+	}
+
+	data := make([]byte, StreamRecordHeaderSize)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(data[0:4], uint32(hdr.Type))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(data[4:8], uint32(hdr.Flags))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[8:16], generation)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[16:24], uint64(hdr.Index))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[24:32], uint64(hdr.Offset))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(data[32:40], uint64(hdr.Size))
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalBinary from data into hdr.
+func (hdr *StreamRecordHeader) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
+	if len(data) < StreamRecordHeaderSize {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	hdr.Type = int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(data[0:4]))
+	hdr.Flags = int(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(data[4:8]))
+	hdr.Generation = fmt.Sprintf("%16x", binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[8:16]))
+	hdr.Index = int(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[16:24]))
+	hdr.Offset = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[24:32]))
+	hdr.Size = int64(binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[32:40]))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// StreamClient represents a client for streaming changes to a replica DB.
+type StreamClient interface {
+	Stream(ctx context.Context) (StreamReader, error)
+}
+
+// StreamReader represents a reader that streams snapshot and WAL records.
+type StreamReader interface {
+	io.ReadCloser
+	Next() (*StreamRecordHeader, error)
+}
+
 // removeDBFiles deletes the database and related files (journal, shm, wal).
 func removeDBFiles(filename string) error {
 	if err := os.Remove(filename); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {

testdata/wal-writer/live/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+WAL Writer Live
+=================
+
+This test is to ensure we can copy a WAL file into place with a live DB and
+trigger a checkpoint into the main DB file.
+
+To reproduce the data files:
+
+```sh
+$ sqlite3 db
+
+sqlite> PRAGMA journal_mode = 'wal';
+sqlite> CREATE TABLE t (x);
+sqlite> PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE);
+sqlite> INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (1);
+
+sqlite> CTRL-\
+```
+

testdata/wal-writer/static/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+WAL Writer Static
+=================
+
+This test is to ensure that WALWriter will generate the same WAL file as
+the `sqlite3` command line.
+
+To reproduce the data file:
+
+```sh
+$ sqlite3 db
+
+sqlite> PRAGMA journal_mode = 'wal';
+
+sqlite> CREATE TABLE t (x);
+
+sqlite> INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (1);
+
+sqlite> CTRL-\
+```
+
+then remove the db & shm files:
+
+```sh
+$ rm db db-shm
+```
+

wal_writer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package litestream
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// WALWriter represents a writer to a SQLite WAL file.
+type WALWriter struct {
+	path     string
+	mode     os.FileMode
+	pageSize int
+
+	f   *os.File // WAL file handle
+	buf []byte   // frame buffer
+
+	chksum0, chksum1 uint32 // ongoing checksum
+
+	Salt0, Salt1 uint32
+}
+
+// NewWALWriter returns a new instance of WALWriter.
+func NewWALWriter(path string, mode os.FileMode, pageSize int) *WALWriter {
+	return &WALWriter{
+		path:     path,
+		mode:     mode,
+		pageSize: pageSize,
+
+		buf: make([]byte, WALFrameHeaderSize+pageSize),
+	}
+}
+
+// Open opens the file handle to the WAL file.
+func (w *WALWriter) Open() (err error) {
+	w.f, err = os.OpenFile(w.path, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, w.mode)
+	return err
+}
+
+// Close closes the file handle to the WAL file.
+func (w *WALWriter) Close() error {
+	if w.f == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return w.f.Close()
+}
+
+// WriteHeader writes the WAL header to the beginning of the file.
+func (w *WALWriter) WriteHeader() error {
+	// Build WAL header byte slice. Page size and checksum set afterward.
+	hdr := []byte{
+		0x37, 0x7f, 0x06, 0x82, // magic (little-endian)
+		0x00, 0x2d, 0xe2, 0x18, // file format version (3007000)
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // page size
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // checkpoint sequence number
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // salt
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // checksum
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+	}
+
+	// Set page size on header
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(hdr[8:], uint32(w.pageSize))
+
+	// Set salt
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(hdr[16:], w.Salt0)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(hdr[20:], w.Salt1)
+
+	// Compute header checksum.
+	w.chksum0, w.chksum1 = Checksum(binary.LittleEndian, w.chksum0, w.chksum1, hdr[:24])
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(hdr[24:], w.chksum0)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(hdr[28:], w.chksum1)
+
+	// Write header to WAL.
+	_, err := w.f.Write(hdr)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (w *WALWriter) WriteFrame(pgno, commit uint32, data []byte) error {
+	// Ensure data matches page size.
+	if len(data) != w.pageSize {
+		return fmt.Errorf("data size %d must match page size %d", len(data), w.pageSize)
+	}
+
+	// Write frame header.
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[0:], pgno)    // page number
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[4:], commit)  // commit record (page count)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[8:], w.Salt0) // salt
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[12:], w.Salt1)
+
+	// Copy data to frame.
+	copy(w.buf[WALFrameHeaderSize:], data)
+
+	// Compute checksum for frame.
+	w.chksum0, w.chksum1 = Checksum(binary.LittleEndian, w.chksum0, w.chksum1, w.buf[:8])
+	w.chksum0, w.chksum1 = Checksum(binary.LittleEndian, w.chksum0, w.chksum1, w.buf[24:])
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[16:], w.chksum0)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(w.buf[20:], w.chksum1)
+
+	// Write to local WAL
+	_, err := w.f.Write(w.buf)
+	return err
+}

wal_writer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package litestream_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream"
+	"github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/internal/testingutil"
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3"
+)
+
+func TestWALWriter_Static(t *testing.T) {
+	testDir := filepath.Join("testdata", "wal-writer", "static")
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Read in WAL file generated by sqlite3
+	buf, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(testDir, "db-wal"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Create new WAL file.
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "db-wal"), nil, 0666); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	w := litestream.NewWALWriter(filepath.Join(tempDir, "db-wal"), 0666, 4096)
+	w.Salt0 = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[16:])
+	w.Salt1 = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[20:])
+
+	if err := w.Open(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if err := w.WriteHeader(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for b := buf[litestream.WALHeaderSize:]; len(b) > 0; b = b[litestream.WALFrameHeaderSize+4096:] {
+		pgno := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[0:])
+		commit := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[4:])
+		if err := w.WriteFrame(pgno, commit, b[litestream.WALFrameHeaderSize:][:4096]); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := w.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Read generated WAL and compare with original.
+	if buf2, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "db-wal")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if !bytes.Equal(buf, buf2) {
+		t.Fatal("wal file mismatch")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWALWriter_Live(t *testing.T) {
+	testDir := filepath.Join("testdata", "wal-writer", "live")
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	// Copy DB file into temporary dir.
+	testingutil.CopyFile(t, filepath.Join(testDir, "db"), filepath.Join(tempDir, "db"))
+
+	// Open database.
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filepath.Join(tempDir, "db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	// Verify that table is empty.
+	var n int
+	if err := db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t`).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if got, want := n, 0; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("init: n=%d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// Copy WAL file into place.
+	testingutil.CopyFile(t, filepath.Join(testDir, "db-wal"), filepath.Join(tempDir, "db-wal"))
+
+	// Invalidate both copies of the WAL index headers.
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(tempDir, "db-shm"), os.O_RDWR, 0666)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	// Read index header.
+	idx := make([]byte, 136)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(f, idx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Invalidate "isInit" flags
+	idx[12], idx[48+12] = 0, 0
+
+	// Write header back into index.
+	if _, err := f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if _, err := f.Write(idx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Verify that table now has one row.
+	if err := db.QueryRow(`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t`).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	} else if got, want := n, 1; got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("post-wal: n=%d, want %d", got, want)
+	}
+}