moved metapath

.github/workflows/commit.yml

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v2
         with:
-          go-version: '1.20'
+          go-version: '1.21'
       - uses: actions/cache@v2
         with:
           path: ~/go/pkg/mod

.github/workflows/release.docker.yml

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
   docker:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
-      PLATFORMS: "linux/amd64,linux/arm64"
+      PLATFORMS: "linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v7"
       VERSION: "${{ github.event_name == 'release' && github.event.release.name || github.sha }}"
 
     steps:

.github/workflows/release.linux.yml

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v2
         with:
-          go-version: '1.20'
+          go-version: '1.21'
 
       - id: release
         uses: bruceadams/get-release@v1.2.2

Dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM golang:1.20.1 as builder
+FROM golang:1.21.3 as builder
 
 WORKDIR /src/litestream
 COPY . .

Makefile

@@ -20,11 +20,17 @@ ifndef LITESTREAM_VERSION
 	$(error LITESTREAM_VERSION is undefined)
 endif
 	mkdir -p dist
-	go build -v -ldflags "-s -w -X 'main.Version=${LITESTREAM_VERSION}'"  -o dist/litestream ./cmd/litestream
+
+	GOOS=darwin GOARCH=amd64 CC="gcc -target amd64-apple-macos11" CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -v -ldflags "-s -w -X 'main.Version=${LITESTREAM_VERSION}'"  -o dist/litestream ./cmd/litestream
 	gon etc/gon.hcl
 	mv dist/litestream.zip dist/litestream-${LITESTREAM_VERSION}-darwin-amd64.zip
 	openssl dgst -sha256 dist/litestream-${LITESTREAM_VERSION}-darwin-amd64.zip
 
+	GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 CC="gcc -target arm64-apple-macos11" CGO_ENABLED=1 go build -v -ldflags "-s -w -X 'main.Version=${LITESTREAM_VERSION}'"  -o dist/litestream ./cmd/litestream
+	gon etc/gon.hcl
+	mv dist/litestream.zip dist/litestream-${LITESTREAM_VERSION}-darwin-arm64.zip
+	openssl dgst -sha256 dist/litestream-${LITESTREAM_VERSION}-darwin-arm64.zip
+
 clean:
 	rm -rf dist
 

cmd/litestream/generations.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ func (c *GenerationsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error)
 	for _, r := range replicas {
 		generations, err := r.Client.Generations(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("%s: cannot list generations: %s", r.Name(), err)
+			r.Logger().Error("cannot list generations", "error", err)
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ func (c *GenerationsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error)
 		for _, generation := range generations {
 			createdAt, updatedAt, err := r.GenerationTimeBounds(ctx, generation)
 			if err != nil {
-				log.Printf("%s: cannot determine generation time bounds: %s", r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("cannot determine generation time bounds", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 

cmd/litestream/main.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/user"
@@ -37,13 +37,11 @@ var (
 var errStop = errors.New("stop")
 
 func main() {
-	log.SetFlags(0)
-
 	m := NewMain()
 	if err := m.Run(context.Background(), os.Args[1:]); err == flag.ErrHelp || err == errStop {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	} else if err != nil {
-		log.Println(err)
+		slog.Error("failed to run", "error", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 }
@@ -95,17 +93,17 @@ func (m *Main) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 		// Wait for signal to stop program.
 		select {
 		case err = <-c.execCh:
-			fmt.Println("subprocess exited, litestream shutting down")
+			slog.Info("subprocess exited, litestream shutting down")
 		case sig := <-signalCh:
-			fmt.Println("signal received, litestream shutting down")
+			slog.Info("signal received, litestream shutting down")
 
 			if c.cmd != nil {
-				fmt.Println("sending signal to exec process")
+				slog.Info("sending signal to exec process")
 				if err := c.cmd.Process.Signal(sig); err != nil {
 					return fmt.Errorf("cannot signal exec process: %w", err)
 				}
 
-				fmt.Println("waiting for exec process to close")
+				slog.Info("waiting for exec process to close")
 				if err := <-c.execCh; err != nil && !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "signal:") {
 					return fmt.Errorf("cannot wait for exec process: %w", err)
 				}
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ func (m *Main) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 		if e := c.Close(); e != nil && err == nil {
 			err = e
 		}
-		fmt.Println("litestream shut down")
+		slog.Info("litestream shut down")
 		return err
 
 	case "restore":
@@ -172,6 +170,16 @@ type Config struct {
 	// Global S3 settings
 	AccessKeyID     string `yaml:"access-key-id"`
 	SecretAccessKey string `yaml:"secret-access-key"`
+
+	// Logging
+	Logging LoggingConfig `yaml:"logging"`
+}
+
+// LoggingConfig configures logging.
+type LoggingConfig struct {
+	Level  string `yaml:"level"`
+	Type   string `yaml:"type"`
+	Stderr bool   `yaml:"stderr"`
 }
 
 // propagateGlobalSettings copies global S3 settings to replica configs.
@@ -241,6 +249,36 @@ func ReadConfigFile(filename string, expandEnv bool) (_ Config, err error) {
 	// Propage settings from global config to replica configs.
 	config.propagateGlobalSettings()
 
+	// Configure logging.
+	logOutput := os.Stdout
+	if config.Logging.Stderr {
+		logOutput = os.Stderr
+	}
+
+	logOptions := slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}
+
+	switch strings.ToUpper(config.Logging.Level) {
+	case "DEBUG":
+		logOptions.Level = slog.LevelDebug
+	case "WARN", "WARNING":
+		logOptions.Level = slog.LevelWarn
+	case "ERROR":
+		logOptions.Level = slog.LevelError
+	}
+
+	var logHandler slog.Handler
+	switch config.Logging.Type {
+	case "json":
+		logHandler = slog.NewJSONHandler(logOutput, &logOptions)
+	case "text", "":
+		logHandler = slog.NewTextHandler(logOutput, &logOptions)
+	}
+
+	// Set global default logger.
+	slog.SetDefault(slog.New(logHandler))
+
 	return config, nil
 }
 

cmd/litestream/main_notwindows.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// +build !windows
+//go:build !windows
 
 package main
 

cmd/litestream/main_windows.go

@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-// +build windows
+//go:build windows
 
 package main
 
 import (
 	"context"
 	"io"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 
@@ -63,13 +62,13 @@ func (s *windowsService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, stat
 	// Instantiate replication command and load configuration.
 	c := NewReplicateCommand()
 	if c.Config, err = ReadConfigFile(DefaultConfigPath(), true); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("cannot load configuration: %s", err)
+		slog.Error("cannot load configuration", "error", err)
 		return true, 1
 	}
 
 	// Execute replication command.
 	if err := c.Run(s.ctx); err != nil {
-		log.Printf("cannot replicate: %s", err)
+		slog.Error("cannot replicate", "error", err)
 		statusCh <- svc.Status{State: svc.StopPending}
 		return true, 2
 	}
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ func (s *windowsService) Execute(args []string, r <-chan svc.ChangeRequest, stat
 			case svc.Interrogate:
 				statusCh <- req.CurrentStatus
 			default:
-				log.Printf("Litestream service received unexpected change request cmd: %d", req.Cmd)
+				slog.Error("Litestream service received unexpected change request", "cmd", req.Cmd)
 			}
 		}
 	}

cmd/litestream/replicate.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	_ "net/http/pprof"
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ func NewReplicateCommand() *ReplicateCommand {
 func (c *ReplicateCommand) ParseFlags(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 	fs := flag.NewFlagSet("litestream-replicate", flag.ContinueOnError)
 	execFlag := fs.String("exec", "", "execute subcommand")
-	tracePath := fs.String("trace", "", "trace path")
 	configPath, noExpandEnv := registerConfigFlag(fs)
 	fs.Usage = c.Usage
 	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
@@ -80,27 +79,17 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) ParseFlags(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err e
 		c.Config.Exec = *execFlag
 	}
 
-	// Enable trace logging.
-	if *tracePath != "" {
-		f, err := os.Create(*tracePath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer f.Close()
-		litestream.Tracef = log.New(f, "", log.LstdFlags|log.Lmicroseconds|log.LUTC|log.Lshortfile).Printf
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
 // Run loads all databases specified in the configuration.
 func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run() (err error) {
 	// Display version information.
-	log.Printf("litestream %s", Version)
+	slog.Info("litestream", "version", Version)
 
 	// Setup databases.
 	if len(c.Config.DBs) == 0 {
-		log.Println("no databases specified in configuration")
+		slog.Error("no databases specified in configuration")
 	}
 
 	for _, dbConfig := range c.Config.DBs {
@@ -118,21 +107,22 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run() (err error) {
 
 	// Notify user that initialization is done.
 	for _, db := range c.DBs {
-		log.Printf("initialized db: %s", db.Path())
+		slog.Info("initialized db", "path", db.Path())
 		for _, r := range db.Replicas {
+			slog := slog.With("name", r.Name(), "type", r.Client.Type(), "sync-interval", r.SyncInterval)
 			switch client := r.Client.(type) {
 			case *file.ReplicaClient:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q path=%q", r.Name(), client.Type(), client.Path())
+				slog.Info("replicating to", "path", client.Path())
 			case *s3.ReplicaClient:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q bucket=%q path=%q region=%q endpoint=%q sync-interval=%s", r.Name(), client.Type(), client.Bucket, client.Path, client.Region, client.Endpoint, r.SyncInterval)
+				slog.Info("replicating to", "bucket", client.Bucket, "path", client.Path, "region", client.Region, "endpoint", client.Endpoint)
 			case *gcs.ReplicaClient:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q bucket=%q path=%q sync-interval=%s", r.Name(), client.Type(), client.Bucket, client.Path, r.SyncInterval)
+				slog.Info("replicating to", "bucket", client.Bucket, "path", client.Path)
 			case *abs.ReplicaClient:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q bucket=%q path=%q endpoint=%q sync-interval=%s", r.Name(), client.Type(), client.Bucket, client.Path, client.Endpoint, r.SyncInterval)
+				slog.Info("replicating to", "bucket", client.Bucket, "path", client.Path, "endpoint", client.Endpoint)
 			case *sftp.ReplicaClient:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q host=%q user=%q path=%q sync-interval=%s", r.Name(), client.Type(), client.Host, client.User, client.Path, r.SyncInterval)
+				slog.Info("replicating to", "host", client.Host, "user", client.User, "path", client.Path)
 			default:
-				log.Printf("replicating to: name=%q type=%q", r.Name(), client.Type())
+				slog.Info("replicating to")
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -146,11 +136,11 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run() (err error) {
 			hostport = net.JoinHostPort("localhost", port)
 		}
 
-		log.Printf("serving metrics on http://%s/metrics", hostport)
+		slog.Info("serving metrics on", "url", fmt.Sprintf("http://%s/metrics", hostport))
 		go func() {
 			http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler())
 			if err := http.ListenAndServe(c.Config.Addr, nil); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("cannot start metrics server: %s", err)
+				slog.Error("cannot start metrics server", "error", err)
 			}
 		}()
 	}
@@ -179,7 +169,7 @@ func (c *ReplicateCommand) Run() (err error) {
 func (c *ReplicateCommand) Close() (err error) {
 	for _, db := range c.DBs {
 		if e := db.Close(); e != nil {
-			log.Printf("error closing db: path=%s err=%s", db.Path(), e)
+			db.Logger.Error("error closing db", "error", e)
 			if err == nil {
 				err = e
 			}
@@ -215,8 +205,5 @@ Arguments:
 	-no-expand-env
 	    Disables environment variable expansion in configuration file.
 
-	-trace PATH
-	    Write verbose trace logging to PATH.
-
 `[1:], DefaultConfigPath())
 }

cmd/litestream/restore.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"time"
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ type RestoreCommand struct{}
 // Run executes the command.
 func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 	opt := litestream.NewRestoreOptions()
-	opt.Verbose = true
 
 	fs := flag.NewFlagSet("litestream-restore", flag.ContinueOnError)
 	configPath, noExpandEnv := registerConfigFlag(fs)
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 	ifDBNotExists := fs.Bool("if-db-not-exists", false, "")
 	ifReplicaExists := fs.Bool("if-replica-exists", false, "")
 	timestampStr := fs.String("timestamp", "", "timestamp")
-	verbose := fs.Bool("v", false, "verbose output")
 	fs.Usage = c.Usage
 	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -48,11 +46,6 @@ func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Instantiate logger if verbose output is enabled.
-	if *verbose {
-		opt.Logger = log.New(os.Stderr, "", log.LstdFlags|log.Lmicroseconds)
-	}
-
 	// Determine replica & generation to restore from.
 	var r *litestream.Replica
 	if isURL(fs.Arg(0)) {
@@ -60,7 +53,7 @@ func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify a replica URL and the -config flag")
 		}
 		if r, err = c.loadFromURL(ctx, fs.Arg(0), *ifDBNotExists, &opt); err == errSkipDBExists {
-			fmt.Println("database already exists, skipping")
+			slog.Info("database already exists, skipping")
 			return nil
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -70,7 +63,7 @@ func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 			*configPath = DefaultConfigPath()
 		}
 		if r, err = c.loadFromConfig(ctx, fs.Arg(0), *configPath, !*noExpandEnv, *ifDBNotExists, &opt); err == errSkipDBExists {
-			fmt.Println("database already exists, skipping")
+			slog.Info("database already exists, skipping")
 			return nil
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -81,7 +74,7 @@ func (c *RestoreCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 	// If optional flag set, return success. Useful for automated recovery.
 	if opt.Generation == "" {
 		if *ifReplicaExists {
-			fmt.Println("no matching backups found")
+			slog.Info("no matching backups found")
 			return nil
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("no matching backups found")

cmd/litestream/snapshots.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (c *SnapshotsCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 	for _, r := range replicas {
 		infos, err := r.Snapshots(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Printf("cannot determine snapshots: %s", err)
+			slog.Error("cannot determine snapshots", "error", err)
 			continue
 		}
 		for _, info := range infos {

cmd/litestream/wal.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
 	"os"
 	"text/tabwriter"
 	"time"
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func (c *WALCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 			generations = []string{*generation}
 		} else {
 			if generations, err = r.Client.Generations(ctx); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("%s: cannot determine generations: %s", r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("cannot determine generations", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 		}
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ func (c *WALCommand) Run(ctx context.Context, args []string) (err error) {
 				}
 				return itr.Close()
 			}(); err != nil {
-				log.Printf("%s: cannot fetch wal segments: %s", r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("cannot fetch wal segments", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 		}

db.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"hash/crc64"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"math"
 	"math/rand"
 	"os"
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ const (
 	DefaultCheckpointInterval = 1 * time.Minute
 	DefaultMinCheckpointPageN = 1000
 	DefaultMaxCheckpointPageN = 10000
+	DefaultTruncatePageN      = 500000
 )
 
 // MaxIndex is the maximum possible WAL index.
@@ -85,6 +86,16 @@ type DB struct {
 	// unbounded if there are always read transactions occurring.
 	MaxCheckpointPageN int
 
+	// Threshold of WAL size, in pages, before a forced truncation checkpoint.
+	// A forced truncation checkpoint will block new transactions and wait for
+	// existing transactions to finish before issuing a checkpoint and
+	// truncating the WAL.
+	//
+	// If zero, no truncates are forced. This can cause the WAL to grow
+	// unbounded if there's a sudden spike of changes between other
+	// checkpoints.
+	TruncatePageN int
+
 	// Time between automatic checkpoints in the WAL. This is done to allow
 	// more fine-grained WAL files so that restores can be performed with
 	// better precision.
@@ -97,8 +108,8 @@ type DB struct {
 	// Must be set before calling Open().
 	Replicas []*Replica
 
-	// Where to send log messages, defaults to log.Default()
-	Logger *log.Logger
+	// Where to send log messages, defaults to global slog with databas epath.
+	Logger *slog.Logger
 }
 
 // NewDB returns a new instance of DB for a given path.
@@ -112,10 +123,44 @@ func NewDB(path string) *DB {
 
 		MinCheckpointPageN: DefaultMinCheckpointPageN,
 		MaxCheckpointPageN: DefaultMaxCheckpointPageN,
+		TruncatePageN:      DefaultTruncatePageN,
 		CheckpointInterval: DefaultCheckpointInterval,
 		MonitorInterval:    DefaultMonitorInterval,
+		Logger:             slog.With("db", path),
+	}
 
-		Logger: log.Default(),
+	db.dbSizeGauge = dbSizeGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.walSizeGauge = walSizeGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.totalWALBytesCounter = totalWALBytesCounterVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.shadowWALIndexGauge = shadowWALIndexGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.shadowWALSizeGauge = shadowWALSizeGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.syncNCounter = syncNCounterVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.syncErrorNCounter = syncErrorNCounterVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.syncSecondsCounter = syncSecondsCounterVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
+	db.checkpointNCounterVec = checkpointNCounterVec.MustCurryWith(prometheus.Labels{"db": db.path})
+	db.checkpointErrorNCounterVec = checkpointErrorNCounterVec.MustCurryWith(prometheus.Labels{"db": db.path})
+	db.checkpointSecondsCounterVec = checkpointSecondsCounterVec.MustCurryWith(prometheus.Labels{"db": db.path})
+
+	db.ctx, db.cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	return db
+}
+
+// NewDB returns a new instance of DB for a given path.
+func NewLSDB(path string, metapath string) *DB {
+	_, file := filepath.Split(path)
+
+	db := &DB{
+		path:     path,
+		metaPath: filepath.Join(metapath, "."+file+MetaDirSuffix),
+		notify:   make(chan struct{}),
+
+		MinCheckpointPageN: DefaultMinCheckpointPageN,
+		MaxCheckpointPageN: DefaultMaxCheckpointPageN,
+		TruncatePageN:      DefaultTruncatePageN,
+		CheckpointInterval: DefaultCheckpointInterval,
+		MonitorInterval:    DefaultMonitorInterval,
+		Logger:             slog.With("db", path),
 	}
 
 	db.dbSizeGauge = dbSizeGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(db.path)
@@ -461,7 +506,7 @@ func (db *DB) init() (err error) {
 
 	// If we have an existing shadow WAL, ensure the headers match.
 	if err := db.verifyHeadersMatch(); err != nil {
-		db.Logger.Printf("%s: init: cannot determine last wal position, clearing generation; %s", db.path, err)
+		db.Logger.Warn("init: cannot determine last wal position, clearing generation", "error", err)
 		if err := os.Remove(db.GenerationNamePath()); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("remove generation name: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -703,7 +748,7 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	if err := db.init(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	} else if db.db == nil {
-		Tracef("%s: sync: no database found", db.path)
+		db.Logger.Debug("sync: no database found")
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -729,7 +774,7 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot verify wal state: %w", err)
 	}
-	Tracef("%s: sync: info=%#v", db.path, info)
+	db.Logger.Debug("sync", "info", &info)
 
 	// Track if anything in the shadow WAL changes and then notify at the end.
 	changed := info.walSize != info.shadowWALSize || info.restart || info.reason != ""
@@ -740,7 +785,7 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		if info.generation, err = db.createGeneration(); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("create generation: %w", err)
 		}
-		db.Logger.Printf("%s: sync: new generation %q, %s", db.path, info.generation, info.reason)
+		db.Logger.Info("sync: new generation", "generation", info.generation, "reason", info.reason)
 
 		// Clear shadow wal info.
 		info.shadowWALPath = db.ShadowWALPath(info.generation, 0)
@@ -751,7 +796,7 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	// Synchronize real WAL with current shadow WAL.
-	newWALSize, err := db.syncWAL(info)
+	origWALSize, newWALSize, err := db.syncWAL(info)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("sync wal: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -760,7 +805,9 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	// If WAL size is greater than min threshold, attempt checkpoint.
 	var checkpoint bool
 	checkpointMode := CheckpointModePassive
-	if db.MaxCheckpointPageN > 0 && newWALSize >= calcWALSize(db.pageSize, db.MaxCheckpointPageN) {
+	if db.TruncatePageN > 0 && origWALSize >= calcWALSize(db.pageSize, db.TruncatePageN) {
+		checkpoint, checkpointMode = true, CheckpointModeTruncate
+	} else if db.MaxCheckpointPageN > 0 && newWALSize >= calcWALSize(db.pageSize, db.MaxCheckpointPageN) {
 		checkpoint, checkpointMode = true, CheckpointModeRestart
 	} else if newWALSize >= calcWALSize(db.pageSize, db.MinCheckpointPageN) {
 		checkpoint = true
@@ -794,7 +841,7 @@ func (db *DB) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		db.notify = make(chan struct{})
 	}
 
-	Tracef("%s: sync: ok", db.path)
+	db.Logger.Debug("sync: ok")
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -919,29 +966,29 @@ type syncInfo struct {
 }
 
 // syncWAL copies pending bytes from the real WAL to the shadow WAL.
-func (db *DB) syncWAL(info syncInfo) (newSize int64, err error) {
+func (db *DB) syncWAL(info syncInfo) (origSize int64, newSize int64, err error) {
 	// Copy WAL starting from end of shadow WAL. Exit if no new shadow WAL needed.
-	newSize, err = db.copyToShadowWAL(info.shadowWALPath)
+	origSize, newSize, err = db.copyToShadowWAL(info.shadowWALPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return newSize, fmt.Errorf("cannot copy to shadow wal: %w", err)
+		return origSize, newSize, fmt.Errorf("cannot copy to shadow wal: %w", err)
 	} else if !info.restart {
-		return newSize, nil // If no restart required, exit.
+		return origSize, newSize, nil // If no restart required, exit.
 	}
 
 	// Parse index of current shadow WAL file.
 	dir, base := filepath.Split(info.shadowWALPath)
 	index, err := ParseWALPath(base)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse shadow wal filename: %s", base)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse shadow wal filename: %s", base)
 	}
 
 	// Start a new shadow WAL file with next index.
 	newShadowWALPath := filepath.Join(dir, FormatWALPath(index+1))
 	newSize, err = db.initShadowWALFile(newShadowWALPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot init shadow wal file: name=%s err=%w", newShadowWALPath, err)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot init shadow wal file: name=%s err=%w", newShadowWALPath, err)
 	}
-	return newSize, nil
+	return origSize, newSize, nil
 }
 
 func (db *DB) initShadowWALFile(filename string) (int64, error) {
@@ -977,80 +1024,96 @@ func (db *DB) initShadowWALFile(filename string) (int64, error) {
 	_ = os.Chown(filename, uid, gid)
 
 	// Copy as much shadow WAL as available.
-	newSize, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(filename)
+	_, newSize, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(filename)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot copy to new shadow wal: %w", err)
 	}
 	return newSize, nil
 }
 
-func (db *DB) copyToShadowWAL(filename string) (newSize int64, err error) {
-	Tracef("%s: copy-shadow: %s", db.path, filename)
+func (db *DB) copyToShadowWAL(filename string) (origWalSize int64, newSize int64, err error) {
+	logger := db.Logger.With("filename", filename)
+	logger.Debug("copy-shadow")
 
 	r, err := os.Open(db.WALPath())
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 	defer r.Close()
 
+	fi, err := r.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+	origWalSize = frameAlign(fi.Size(), db.pageSize)
+
 	w, err := os.OpenFile(filename, os.O_RDWR, 0666)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 	defer w.Close()
 
-	fi, err := w.Stat()
+	fi, err = w.Stat()
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 	origSize := frameAlign(fi.Size(), db.pageSize)
 
 	// Read shadow WAL header to determine byte order for checksum & salt.
 	hdr := make([]byte, WALHeaderSize)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(w, hdr); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("read header: %w", err)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("read header: %w", err)
 	}
 	hsalt0 := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(hdr[16:])
 	hsalt1 := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(hdr[20:])
 
 	bo, err := headerByteOrder(hdr)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Read previous checksum.
 	chksum0, chksum1, err := readLastChecksumFrom(w, db.pageSize)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("last checksum: %w", err)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("last checksum: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Write to a temporary shadow file.
+	tempFilename := filename + ".tmp"
+	defer os.Remove(tempFilename)
+
+	f, err := internal.CreateFile(tempFilename, db.fileInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("create temp file: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+
 	// Seek to correct position on real wal.
 	if _, err := r.Seek(origSize, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("real wal seek: %w", err)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("real wal seek: %w", err)
 	} else if _, err := w.Seek(origSize, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("shadow wal seek: %w", err)
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("shadow wal seek: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Read through WAL from last position to find the page of the last
 	// committed transaction.
 	frame := make([]byte, db.pageSize+WALFrameHeaderSize)
-	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	offset := origSize
 	lastCommitSize := origSize
 	for {
 		// Read next page from WAL file.
 		if _, err := io.ReadFull(r, frame); err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
-			Tracef("%s: copy-shadow: break %s @ %d; err=%s", db.path, filename, offset, err)
+			logger.Debug("copy-shadow: break", "offset", offset, "error", err)
 			break // end of file or partial page
 		} else if err != nil {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("read wal: %w", err)
+			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("read wal: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		// Read frame salt & compare to header salt. Stop reading on mismatch.
 		salt0 := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(frame[8:])
 		salt1 := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(frame[12:])
 		if salt0 != hsalt0 || salt1 != hsalt1 {
-			Tracef("%s: copy-shadow: break: salt mismatch", db.path)
+			logger.Debug("copy-shadow: break: salt mismatch")
 			break
 		}
 
@@ -1060,38 +1123,60 @@ func (db *DB) copyToShadowWAL(filename string) (newSize int64, err error) {
 		chksum0, chksum1 = Checksum(bo, chksum0, chksum1, frame[:8])  // frame header
 		chksum0, chksum1 = Checksum(bo, chksum0, chksum1, frame[24:]) // frame data
 		if chksum0 != fchksum0 || chksum1 != fchksum1 {
-			Tracef("%s: copy shadow: checksum mismatch, skipping: offset=%d (%x,%x) != (%x,%x)", db.path, offset, chksum0, chksum1, fchksum0, fchksum1)
+			logger.Debug("copy shadow: checksum mismatch, skipping", "offset", offset, "check", fmt.Sprintf("(%x,%x) != (%x,%x)", chksum0, chksum1, fchksum0, fchksum1))
 			break
 		}
 
-		// Add page to the new size of the shadow WAL.
-		buf.Write(frame)
+		// Write page to temporary WAL file.
+		if _, err := f.Write(frame); err != nil {
+			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("write temp shadow wal: %w", err)
+		}
 
-		Tracef("%s: copy-shadow: ok %s offset=%d salt=%x %x", db.path, filename, offset, salt0, salt1)
+		logger.Debug("copy-shadow: ok", "offset", offset, "salt", fmt.Sprintf("%x %x", salt0, salt1))
 		offset += int64(len(frame))
 
-		// Flush to shadow WAL if commit record.
+		// Update new size if written frame was a commit record.
 		newDBSize := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(frame[4:])
 		if newDBSize != 0 {
-			if _, err := buf.WriteTo(w); err != nil {
-				return 0, fmt.Errorf("write shadow wal: %w", err)
-			}
-			buf.Reset()
 			lastCommitSize = offset
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Sync & close.
+	// If no WAL writes found, exit.
+	if origSize == lastCommitSize {
+		return origSize, lastCommitSize, nil
+	}
+
+	walByteN := lastCommitSize - origSize
+
+	// Move to beginning of temporary file.
+	if _, err := f.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("temp file seek: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Copy from temporary file to shadow WAL.
+	if _, err := io.Copy(w, &io.LimitedReader{R: f, N: walByteN}); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("write shadow file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Close & remove temporary file.
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
+	} else if err := os.Remove(tempFilename); err != nil {
+		return 0, 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Sync & close shadow WAL.
 	if err := w.Sync(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	} else if err := w.Close(); err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return 0, 0, err
 	}
 
 	// Track total number of bytes written to WAL.
-	db.totalWALBytesCounter.Add(float64(lastCommitSize - origSize))
+	db.totalWALBytesCounter.Add(float64(walByteN))
 
-	return lastCommitSize, nil
+	return origWalSize, lastCommitSize, nil
 }
 
 // ShadowWALReader opens a reader for a shadow WAL file at a given position.
@@ -1266,7 +1351,7 @@ func (db *DB) checkpoint(ctx context.Context, generation, mode string) error {
 	}
 
 	// Copy shadow WAL before checkpoint to copy as much as possible.
-	if _, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(shadowWALPath); err != nil {
+	if _, _, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(shadowWALPath); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot copy to end of shadow wal before checkpoint: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -1301,7 +1386,7 @@ func (db *DB) checkpoint(ctx context.Context, generation, mode string) error {
 	}
 
 	// Copy the end of the previous WAL before starting a new shadow WAL.
-	if _, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(shadowWALPath); err != nil {
+	if _, _, err := db.copyToShadowWAL(shadowWALPath); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot copy to end of shadow wal: %w", err)
 	}
 
@@ -1360,7 +1445,7 @@ func (db *DB) execCheckpoint(mode string) (err error) {
 	if err := db.db.QueryRow(rawsql).Scan(&row[0], &row[1], &row[2]); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	Tracef("%s: checkpoint: mode=%v (%d,%d,%d)", db.path, mode, row[0], row[1], row[2])
+	db.Logger.Debug("checkpoint", "mode", mode, "result", fmt.Sprintf("%d,%d,%d", row[0], row[1], row[2]))
 
 	// Reacquire the read lock immediately after the checkpoint.
 	if err := db.acquireReadLock(); err != nil {
@@ -1385,7 +1470,7 @@ func (db *DB) monitor() {
 
 		// Sync the database to the shadow WAL.
 		if err := db.Sync(db.ctx); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
-			db.Logger.Printf("%s: sync error: %s", db.path, err)
+			db.Logger.Error("sync error", "error", err)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1529,10 +1614,6 @@ type RestoreOptions struct {
 
 	// Specifies how many WAL files are downloaded in parallel during restore.
 	Parallelism int
-
-	// Logging settings.
-	Logger  *log.Logger
-	Verbose bool
 }
 
 // NewRestoreOptions returns a new instance of RestoreOptions with defaults.

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/benbjohnson/litestream
 
-go 1.19
+go 1.21
 
 require (
 	cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.31.0

go.sum

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/google/martian/v3 v3.3.2 h1:IqNFLAmvJOgVlpdEBiQbDc2EwKW77amAycfTuWKdfvw=
+github.com/google/martian/v3 v3.3.2/go.mod h1:oBOf6HBosgwRXnUGWUB05QECsc6uvmMiJ3+6W4l/CUk=
 github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.4 h1:1kZ/sQM3srePvKs3tXAvQzo66XfcReoqFpIpIccE7Oc=
 github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.4/go.mod h1:Ej+mSEMGRnqRzjc7VtF+jdBwYG5fuJfiZ8ELkjEwM0A=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.1.2/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ github.com/kr/fs v0.1.0 h1:Jskdu9ieNAYnjxsi0LbQp1ulIKZV1LAFgK1tWhpZgl8=
 github.com/kr/fs v0.1.0/go.mod h1:FFnZGqtBN9Gxj7eW1uZ42v5BccTP0vu6NEaFoC2HwRg=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0 h1:45sCR5RtlFHMR4UwH9sdQ5TC8v0qDQCHnXt+kaKSTVE=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
@@ -137,6 +139,7 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.11.1 h1:xRC8Iq1yyca5ypa9n1EZnWZkt7dwcoRPQwX/5gwa
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.11.1/go.mod h1:eesXgaPo1q7lBpVMoMy0ZOFTth9hBn4W/y0/p/ScXhY=
 github.com/rogpeppe/fastuuid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:jVj6XXZzXRy/MSR5jhDC/2q6DgLz+nrA6LYCDYWNEvQ=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
+github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncjaFoBhdsK/akog=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
@@ -212,6 +215,7 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9sn
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.1.0/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.11.0 h1:F9tnn/DA/Im8nCwm+fX+1/eBwi4qFjRT++MhtVC4ZX0=
+golang.org/x/term v0.11.0/go.mod h1:zC9APTIj3jG3FdV/Ons+XE1riIZXG4aZ4GTHiPZJPIU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=

internal/internal_unix.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build aix || darwin || dragonfly || freebsd || linux || netbsd || openbsd || solaris
 // +build aix darwin dragonfly freebsd linux netbsd openbsd solaris
 
 package internal

internal/internal_windows.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:build windows
 // +build windows
 
 package internal

litestream.go

@@ -540,9 +540,6 @@ func isHexChar(ch rune) bool {
 	return (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f')
 }
 
-// Tracef is used for low-level tracing.
-var Tracef = func(format string, a ...interface{}) {}
-
 func assert(condition bool, message string) {
 	if !condition {
 		panic("assertion failed: " + message)

replica.go

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"hash/crc64"
 	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
-	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -72,9 +72,6 @@ type Replica struct {
 	// Encryption identities and recipients
 	AgeIdentities []age.Identity
 	AgeRecipients []age.Recipient
-
-	// The logger to send logging messages to. Defaults to log.Default()
-	Logger *log.Logger
 }
 
 func NewReplica(db *DB, name string) *Replica {
@@ -87,7 +84,6 @@ func NewReplica(db *DB, name string) *Replica {
 		Retention:              DefaultRetention,
 		RetentionCheckInterval: DefaultRetentionCheckInterval,
 		MonitorEnabled:         true,
-		Logger:                 log.Default(),
 	}
 
 	return r
@@ -101,6 +97,15 @@ func (r *Replica) Name() string {
 	return r.name
 }
 
+// Logger returns the DB sub-logger for this replica.
+func (r *Replica) Logger() *slog.Logger {
+	logger := slog.Default()
+	if r.db != nil {
+		logger = r.db.Logger
+	}
+	return logger.With("replica", r.Name())
+}
+
 // DB returns a reference to the database the replica is attached to, if any.
 func (r *Replica) DB() *DB { return r.db }
 
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	}
 	generation := dpos.Generation
 
-	Tracef("%s(%s): replica sync: db.pos=%s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), dpos)
+	r.Logger().Debug("replica sync", "position", dpos.String())
 
 	// Create a new snapshot and update the current replica position if
 	// the generation on the database has changed.
@@ -188,7 +193,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Sync(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("cannot determine replica position: %s", err)
 		}
 
-		Tracef("%s(%s): replica sync: calc new pos: %s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), pos)
+		r.Logger().Debug("replica sync: calc new pos", "position", pos.String())
 		r.mu.Lock()
 		r.pos = pos
 		r.mu.Unlock()
@@ -222,6 +227,12 @@ func (r *Replica) syncWAL(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	// Obtain initial position from shadow reader.
 	// It may have moved to the next index if previous position was at the end.
 	pos := rd.Pos()
+	initialPos := pos
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	var bytesWritten int
+
+	logger := r.Logger()
+	logger.Info("write wal segment", "position", initialPos.String())
 
 	// Copy through pipe into client from the starting position.
 	var g errgroup.Group
@@ -263,6 +274,7 @@ func (r *Replica) syncWAL(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 			return err
 		}
 		walBytesCounter.Add(float64(n))
+		bytesWritten += n
 	}
 
 	// Copy frames.
@@ -289,6 +301,7 @@ func (r *Replica) syncWAL(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 			return err
 		}
 		walBytesCounter.Add(float64(n))
+		bytesWritten += n
 	}
 
 	// Flush LZ4 writer, encryption writer and close pipe.
@@ -314,6 +327,7 @@ func (r *Replica) syncWAL(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	replicaWALIndexGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(r.db.Path(), r.Name()).Set(float64(rd.Pos().Index))
 	replicaWALOffsetGaugeVec.WithLabelValues(r.db.Path(), r.Name()).Set(float64(rd.Pos().Offset))
 
+	logger.Info("wal segment written", "position", initialPos.String(), "elapsed", time.Since(startTime).String(), "sz", bytesWritten)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -535,6 +549,10 @@ func (r *Replica) Snapshot(ctx context.Context) (info SnapshotInfo, err error) {
 		return wc.Close()
 	})
 
+	logger := r.Logger()
+	logger.Info("write snapshot", "position", pos.String())
+
+	startTime := time.Now()
 	// Delegate write to client & wait for writer goroutine to finish.
 	if info, err = r.Client.WriteSnapshot(ctx, pos.Generation, pos.Index, pr); err != nil {
 		return info, err
@@ -542,8 +560,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Snapshot(ctx context.Context) (info SnapshotInfo, err error) {
 		return info, err
 	}
 
-	r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): snapshot written %s/%08x", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), pos.Generation, pos.Index)
-
+	logger.Info("snapshot written", "position", pos.String(), "elapsed", time.Since(startTime).String(), "sz", info.Size)
 	return info, nil
 }
 
@@ -610,7 +627,7 @@ func (r *Replica) deleteSnapshotsBeforeIndex(ctx context.Context, generation str
 		if err := r.Client.DeleteSnapshot(ctx, info.Generation, info.Index); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("delete snapshot %s/%08x: %w", info.Generation, info.Index, err)
 		}
-		r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): snapshot deleted %s/%08x", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), generation, index)
+		r.Logger().Info("snapshot deleted", "generation", generation, "index", index)
 	}
 
 	return itr.Close()
@@ -642,8 +659,8 @@ func (r *Replica) deleteWALSegmentsBeforeIndex(ctx context.Context, generation s
 	if err := r.Client.DeleteWALSegments(ctx, a); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("delete wal segments: %w", err)
 	}
-	r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): wal segmented deleted before %s/%08x: n=%d", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), generation, index, len(a))
 
+	r.Logger().Info("wal segmented deleted before", "generation", generation, "index", index, "n", len(a))
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -679,7 +696,7 @@ func (r *Replica) monitor(ctx context.Context) {
 
 		// Synchronize the shadow wal into the replication directory.
 		if err := r.Sync(ctx); err != nil {
-			r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): monitor error: %s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), err)
+			r.Logger().Error("monitor error", "error", err)
 			continue
 		}
 	}
@@ -707,7 +724,7 @@ func (r *Replica) retainer(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			if err := r.EnforceRetention(ctx); err != nil {
-				r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): retainer error: %s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("retainer error", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 		}
@@ -720,6 +737,31 @@ func (r *Replica) snapshotter(ctx context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	logger := r.Logger()
+	if pos, err := r.db.Pos(); err != nil {
+		logger.Error("snapshotter cannot determine generation", "error", err)
+	} else if !pos.IsZero() {
+		if snapshot, err := r.maxSnapshot(ctx, pos.Generation); err != nil {
+			logger.Error("snapshotter cannot determine latest snapshot", "error", err)
+		} else if snapshot != nil {
+			nextSnapshot := r.SnapshotInterval - time.Since(snapshot.CreatedAt)
+			if nextSnapshot < 0 {
+				nextSnapshot = 0
+			}
+
+			logger.Info("snapshot interval adjusted", "previous", snapshot.CreatedAt.Format(time.RFC3339), "next", nextSnapshot.String())
+
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-time.After(nextSnapshot):
+				if _, err := r.Snapshot(ctx); err != nil && err != ErrNoGeneration {
+					logger.Error("snapshotter error", "error", err)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(r.SnapshotInterval)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
 
@@ -729,7 +771,7 @@ func (r *Replica) snapshotter(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			if _, err := r.Snapshot(ctx); err != nil && err != ErrNoGeneration {
-				r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): snapshotter error: %s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("snapshotter error", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 		}
@@ -757,7 +799,7 @@ func (r *Replica) validator(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 		case <-ticker.C:
 			if err := r.Validate(ctx); err != nil {
-				r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): validation error: %s", r.db.Path(), r.Name(), err)
+				r.Logger().Error("validation error", "error", err)
 				continue
 			}
 		}
@@ -794,7 +836,6 @@ func (r *Replica) Validate(ctx context.Context) error {
 		ReplicaName: r.Name(),
 		Generation:  pos.Generation,
 		Index:       pos.Index - 1,
-		Logger:      r.Logger,
 	}); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot restore: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -819,7 +860,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Validate(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if mismatch {
 		status = "mismatch"
 	}
-	r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): validator: status=%s db=%016x replica=%016x pos=%s", db.Path(), r.Name(), status, chksum0, chksum1, pos)
+	r.Logger().Info("validator", "status", status, "db", fmt.Sprintf("%016x", chksum0), "replica", fmt.Sprintf("%016x", chksum1), "position", pos.String())
 
 	// Validate checksums match.
 	if mismatch {
@@ -837,8 +878,6 @@ func (r *Replica) Validate(ctx context.Context) error {
 
 // waitForReplica blocks until replica reaches at least the given position.
 func (r *Replica) waitForReplica(ctx context.Context, pos Pos) error {
-	db := r.DB()
-
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(500 * time.Millisecond)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
 
@@ -861,7 +900,7 @@ func (r *Replica) waitForReplica(ctx context.Context, pos Pos) error {
 		// Obtain current position of replica, check if past target position.
 		curr := r.Pos()
 		if curr.IsZero() {
-			r.Logger.Printf("%s(%s): validator: no replica position available", db.Path(), r.Name())
+			r.Logger().Info("validator: no replica position available")
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -1013,17 +1052,6 @@ func (r *Replica) Restore(ctx context.Context, opt RestoreOptions) (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify index & timestamp to restore")
 	}
 
-	// Ensure logger exists.
-	logger := opt.Logger
-	if logger == nil {
-		logger = r.Logger
-	}
-
-	logPrefix := r.Name()
-	if db := r.DB(); db != nil {
-		logPrefix = fmt.Sprintf("%s(%s)", db.Path(), r.Name())
-	}
-
 	// Ensure output path does not already exist.
 	if _, err := os.Stat(opt.OutputPath); err == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot restore, output path already exists: %s", opt.OutputPath)
@@ -1070,19 +1098,19 @@ func (r *Replica) Restore(ctx context.Context, opt RestoreOptions) (err error) {
 	tmpPath := opt.OutputPath + ".tmp"
 
 	// Copy snapshot to output path.
-	logger.Printf("%s: restoring snapshot %s/%08x to %s", logPrefix, opt.Generation, minWALIndex, tmpPath)
+	r.Logger().Info("restoring snapshot", "generation", opt.Generation, "index", minWALIndex, "path", tmpPath)
 	if err := r.restoreSnapshot(ctx, pos.Generation, pos.Index, tmpPath); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot restore snapshot: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If no WAL files available, move snapshot to final path & exit early.
 	if snapshotOnly {
-		logger.Printf("%s: snapshot only, finalizing database", logPrefix)
+		r.Logger().Info("snapshot only, finalizing database")
 		return os.Rename(tmpPath, opt.OutputPath)
 	}
 
 	// Begin processing WAL files.
-	logger.Printf("%s: restoring wal files: generation=%s index=[%08x,%08x]", logPrefix, opt.Generation, minWALIndex, maxWALIndex)
+	r.Logger().Info("restoring wal files", "generation", opt.Generation, "index_min", minWALIndex, "index_max", maxWALIndex)
 
 	// Fill input channel with all WAL indexes to be loaded in order.
 	// Verify every index has at least one offset.
@@ -1138,9 +1166,9 @@ func (r *Replica) Restore(ctx context.Context, opt RestoreOptions) (err error) {
 						return err
 					}
 
-					logger.Printf("%s: downloaded wal %s/%08x elapsed=%s",
-						logPrefix, opt.Generation, index,
-						time.Since(startTime).String(),
+					r.Logger().Info("downloaded wal",
+						"generation", opt.Generation, "index", index,
+						"elapsed", time.Since(startTime).String(),
 					)
 				}
 			}
@@ -1167,10 +1195,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Restore(ctx context.Context, opt RestoreOptions) (err error) {
 		if err = applyWAL(ctx, index, tmpPath); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("cannot apply wal: %w", err)
 		}
-		logger.Printf("%s: applied wal %s/%08x elapsed=%s",
-			logPrefix, opt.Generation, index,
-			time.Since(startTime).String(),
-		)
+		r.Logger().Info("applied wal", "generation", opt.Generation, "index", index, "elapsed", time.Since(startTime).String())
 	}
 
 	// Ensure all goroutines finish. All errors should have been handled during
@@ -1180,7 +1205,7 @@ func (r *Replica) Restore(ctx context.Context, opt RestoreOptions) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	// Copy file to final location.
-	logger.Printf("%s: renaming database from temporary location", logPrefix)
+	r.Logger().Info("renaming database from temporary location")
 	if err := os.Rename(tmpPath, opt.OutputPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

s3/replica_client.go

@@ -716,6 +716,9 @@ func ParseHost(s string) (bucket, region, endpoint string, forcePathStyle bool)
 	} else if a := digitalOceanRegex.FindStringSubmatch(host); a != nil {
 		bucket, region = a[1], a[2]
 		endpoint = fmt.Sprintf("%s.digitaloceanspaces.com", region)
+	} else if a := scalewayRegex.FindStringSubmatch(host); a != nil {
+		bucket, region = a[1], a[2]
+		endpoint = fmt.Sprintf("s3.%s.scw.cloud", region)
 	} else if a := linodeRegex.FindStringSubmatch(host); a != nil {
 		bucket, region = a[1], a[2]
 		endpoint = fmt.Sprintf("%s.linodeobjects.com", region)
@@ -742,6 +745,7 @@ var (
 	backblazeRegex    = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:(.+)\.)?s3.([^.]+)\.backblazeb2.com$`)
 	filebaseRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:(.+)\.)?s3.filebase.com$`)
 	digitalOceanRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:(.+)\.)?([^.]+)\.digitaloceanspaces.com$`)
+	scalewayRegex     = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:(.+)\.)?s3.([^.]+)\.scw\.cloud$`)
 	linodeRegex       = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:(.+)\.)?([^.]+)\.linodeobjects.com$`)
 )
 
@@ -761,7 +765,7 @@ func deleteOutputError(out *s3.DeleteObjectsOutput) error {
 	case 1:
 		return fmt.Errorf("deleting object %s: %s - %s", *out.Errors[0].Key, *out.Errors[0].Code, *out.Errors[0].Message)
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%d errors occured deleting objects, %s: %s - (%s (and %d others)",
+		return fmt.Errorf("%d errors occurred deleting objects, %s: %s - (%s (and %d others)",
 			len(out.Errors), *out.Errors[0].Key, *out.Errors[0].Code, *out.Errors[0].Message, len(out.Errors)-1)
 	}
 }